Wikipedia

Settler colonialism

Templet:Short description

Templet:Use dmy dates

Settler colonialism refer to when colonizers invade and occupy territory to permanently replace the existing society with them own society.[1][2][3]

Settler colonialism bu a form of outsider domination when an imperial authority organise and support.[4] Settler colonialism different from exploitation colonialism, when entail an economic policy of conquering territory to exploit the population as cheap or free labor and the natural resources as raw material. In this way, settler colonialism di lasts indefinitely, except for the rare event of complete evacuation or settlers decolonization.[5]

Settler colonialism been di especially prominent for the colonial empires of the European powers between the 16th and 20th centuries. The settling of Boers[6] for South Africa, British,[7] French, Portuguese[8] and Spanish[9] expansion in the Americas as well as the settlement of the Canary Islands by Castile bu practical examples of settler colonialism.[10][11]

Origins as a theory

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During the 1960s, settlement and colonization been di as separate phenomena from colonialism. Settlement endeavors bu like wetin di take place for empty areas, downplaying the Indigenous inhabitants. Later on in the 1970s and 1980s, settler colonialism bu like bringing high living standards in contrast to the failed political systems when di associated with classical colonialism. Starting from the mid-1990s, them establish field of settler colonial studies[12] distinct but connected to Indigenous studies.[13] Although often credited with originating the field, Australian historian Patrick Wolfe been state that "I no invent Settler Colonial Studies. Natives done bu experts for the field for centuries".[14] Additionally, Wolfe's work been di preceded by others when di influential in the field, such as Fayez Sayegh's Zionist Colonialism in Palestine and Settler Capitalism by Donald Denoon.[14][15]

Definition and concept

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Settler colonialism occur when foreign settlers arrive place where people done already di reside to permanently reside for there and start a new society. Intrinsically connected to this bu the displacement or elimination of existing residents and destruction of their society.[1][2][3]

Some scholars describe the process as inherently genocidal, considering settler colonialism to entail the elimination of existing peoples and cultures,[16] and no bu only their displacement (see genocide, "the intentional destruction of a people in whole or in part").

Depending on the definition, it fit di enacted by a variety of means, including mass killing of the previous inhabitants, removal of the previous inhabitants, and/or cultural assimilation.[5]

Settler colonialism di distinct from migration because immigrants aim to join an existing society, no bu to replace am.[17][18]

Examples

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Settler colonial studies often focus on former British colonies when di North America, Australia and New Zealand, when di close to the complete, prototypical form of settler colonialism.[19] However, settler colonialism no di linked to any specific culture and done di practiced by non-Europeans.[2] The settler colonial paradigm done di applied to wide variety of conflicts around the world, including the Andaman Islands, Argentina,[20] Australia, British Kenya, the Canary Islands,[10] Fiji, French Algeria,[21] Generalplan Ost, Hawaii,[22] Hokkaido, Ireland, Israel/Palestine, Italian Libya and East Africa,[23][24] Kashmir,[25][26] Korea and Manchukuo,[27][28] Latin America, Liberia, New Zealand, northern Afghanistan,[29][30][31][32] North America, Posen and West Prussia and German South West Africa,[33] Rhodesia, Sápmi,[11][34][35] [36] South Africa, South Vietnam,[37][38][39] and Taiwan.[19][40]

Africa

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Canary Islands

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Templet:Further During the fifteenth century, the Kingdom of Castile sponsor expeditions by conquistadors to subjugate under Castilian rule the Macaronesian archipelago of the Canary Islands, when di located off the coast of Morocco and bu the residence of the Indigenous Guanche people. Beginning with the start of the conquest of the island of Lanzarote on 1 May 1402 and ending with the surrender of the last Guanche resistance on Tenerife on 29 September 1496 to the now-unified Spanish crown, the archipelago di subject to a settler colonial process when involve systematic enslavement, mass murder, and deportation of the Guanches, when Spanish settlers replace, in a process when foreshadow the Iberian colonisation of the Americas when follow shortly after. Also like in the Americas, Spanish colonialists for the Canaries quickly turn to the importation of slaves from mainland Africa as source of labour due to the decimation of the already small Guanche population by a combination of war, disease, and brutal forced labour. Historian Mohamed Adhikari done label the conquest of the Canary Islands as the first overseas European settler colonial genocide.[10][11]

Morocco

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South Africa

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For 1652, the arrival of Europeans spark the beginning of settler colonialism for South Africa. Them set up the Dutch East India Company for the Cape, and import large numbers of slaves from Africa and Asia during the mid-seventeenth century.[41] The Dutch East India Company establish a refreshment station for ships when di sail between Europe and the east. The initial plan by the Dutch East India Company officer Jan van Riebeeck bu to maintain a small community around the new fort, but the community continue to spread and settle further than as originally planned.[6] Historic struggle to achieve the intended British sovereignty when them achieve for other parts of the Commonwealth come di. State sovereignty belong to the Union of South Africa (1910–61), followed by the Republic of South Africa (1961–1994) and finally the modern day Republic of South Africa (1994–Present day).[41]

In 1948, them introduce the policy of Apartheid for South Africa in order to segregate the native African population from Boer settlers and ensure the domination of the White populace over non-whites, politically, socially and economically.[42]

Americas

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"Indian Land For Sale" by the U.S. Department of the Interior (1911)

For colonial America, colonial powers create economic dependency and imbalance of trade, incorporate Indigenous nations into spheres of influence and control them indirectly with the use of Christian missionaries and alcohol.[43] With the emergence of an independent United States, desire for land and the perceived threat of permanent Indigenous political and spatial structures come lead to violent relocation of many Indigenous tribes to the American West, in wetin we come sabi as the Trail of Tears.[44] Frederick Jackson Turner, the father of the "frontier thesis" of American history, note in 1901: "Our colonial system nor start with Spanish War; the U.S. been get a colonial history from the beginning... when di hidden under the phraseology of 'interstate migration' and territorial organization'".[43] While the United States government and local state governments directly aid this dispossession through the use of military forces, ultimately this come about through agitation by settler society in order to gain access to Indigenous land. Especially for the US South, them use such land acquisition build plantation society and expand the practice of slavery.[44] Settler colonialism participate for the formation of US cultures and last for many years past the conquest, removal, or extermination of Indigenous people.[45] The practice of writing the natives out of history perpetrate a forgetting of the full dimensions and significance of colonialism both for the national and local levels.[43]

Eurasia

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China

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Near the end of their rule the Qing try to colonize Xinjiang, Tibet, and other parts of the imperial frontier. To accomplish this goal them begin a policy of settler colonialism by which them resettle Han Chinese for the frontier.[46]

Palestine, Zionism and Israel

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Templet:Main article

 
Map of Israeli settlements (magenta) for the occupied West Bank in 2020. The Australian historian Patrick Wolfe, when them credit with originating the field, famously define Israel as the prime example of a settler colonialist state today.[47][14] However, this notion done also receive significant criticism.[48]

In 1967, the French historian Maxime Rodinson write an article when them later translate and published for English as Israel: A Colonial Settler-State?[49] Lorenzo Veracini describe Israel as a colonial state and write say Jewish settlers fit to expel the British in 1948 only because them get their own colonial relationships inside and outside Israel new borders.[50] Veracini believe the possibility of an Israeli disengagement always di latent and this relationship fit di severed, through an accommodation of a Palestinian Israeli autonomy within the institutions of the Israeli state".[51]

When it write in the 1990s, the Australian historian Patrick Wolfe di credited with originating the field.[14] Him theorize settler colonialism as a structure (rather than an event) when di premised on the elimination rather than exploitation of the native population, thus differentiating am from classical colonialism. Wolfe argue say settler colonialism di centered on the control of land, it continue after the closing of the frontier, and continue to exist today,

Russia and the Soviet Union

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Main articles: Russian conquest of Siberia, Russian conquest of the Caucasus, Circassian genocide, Russification, and Population transfer in the Soviet Union

Some scholars describe Russia as a settler colonial state, particularly due to the expansion into Siberia and the Russian Far East, during which it displace and resettled Indigenous peoples, while practicing settler colonialism.[52][53][54] The native people resist the annexation of Siberia and the Far East to Russia, while the Cossacks often commit atrocities against them.[55] During the Cold War, them practice new forms of Indigenous repression.[56]

This colonization continue even during the Soviet Union for the 20th century.[57] The Soviet policy also sometimes include the deportation of the native population, as in the case of the Crimean Tatars.[58]Templet:Unreliable source?

Taiwan

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The ethnic makeup of Taiwan contemporary population bu largely the result of settler colonialism.[59]

Australia

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Templet:See also Europeans explore and settle for Australia by displacing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. The Indigenous Australian population been di estimated at about 795,000 at the time of the European settlement.[60] The population decline steeply for 150 years following the settlement from 1788, due to casualties from infectious disease, the Australian frontier wars and forced re-settlement and cultural disintegration.[61][62]


References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Carey, Jane; Silverstein, Ben (2 January 2020). "Thinking with and beyond settler colonial studies: new histories after the postcolonial". Postcolonial Studies. 23 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1080/13688790.2020.1719569. S2CID 214046615. The key phrases when Wolfe coin for here bu– that invasion bu a ‘structure no bu an event’; that settler colonial structures get a ‘logic of elimination’ of Indigenous peoples; that ‘settlers come to stay’ and that them di ‘destroy to replace’ – done di taken up as the defining precepts of the field and now di cited by countless scholars across numerous disciplines.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cavanagh, Edward; Veracini, Lorenzo (2016). "Introduction". The Routledge Handbook of the History of Settler Colonialism (in Ínglish). Taylor & Francis. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-134-82847-0. [Settler colonialism bu] a system defined by unequal relationships (like colonialism) where outsiders collective aim bu to locally and permanently replace indigenous people (unlike colonialism), settler colonialism no get geographical, cultural or chronological bounds... It fit happen at any time, and everyone bu a settler if them bu part of a collective and sovereign displacement when move to stay, when move to establish permanent homeland by way of displacement.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 McKay, Dwanna L.; Vinyeta, Kirsten; Norgaard, Kari Marie (September 2020). "Theorizing race and settler colonialism within U.S. sociology". Sociology Compass (in Ínglish). 14 (9). doi:10.1111/soc4.12821. ISSN 1751-9020. S2CID 225377069. Settler-colonialism di describe the logic and operation of power when colonizers arrive and settle on lands when another group done already di reside. Importantly, settler colonialism operates through logic of elimination, with intention to eradicate the original inhabitants through violence and other genocidal acts and to replace the existing spiritual, epistemological, political, social, and ecological systems with those of the settlers
  4. ↑ LeFevre, Tate. "Settler Colonialism". oxfordbibliographies.com. Tate A. LeFevre. Retrieved 19 October 2017. Though it often di conflated with colonialism more generally, settler colonialism bu a distinct imperial formation. Both colonialism and settler colonialism di premised on exogenous domination, but only settler colonialism seek to replace the original population of the colonized territory with a new society of settlers (usually from the colonial metropole).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Wolfe, Patrick (2006). "Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native". Journal of Genocide Research. 8 (4): 387–409. doi:10.1080/14623520601056240. S2CID 143873621.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Fourie, J (2014). "Settler Skills and Colonial Development: The Huguenot Wine-Makers in Eighteenth-Century Dutch South Africa". Economic History Review. 67 (4): 932–963. doi:10.1111/1468-0289.12033. S2CID 152735090.
  7. ↑ Free, Melissa (November 2018). "Settler Colonialism". Victorian Literature and Culture (in Ínglish). 46 (3–4): 876–882. doi:10.1017/S1060150318001080. ISSN 1060-1503.
  8. ↑ Cartwright, Mark. "Portuguese Empire". World History Encyclopedia (in Ínglish). Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  9. ↑ Taylor, Lucy; Lublin, Geraldine (3 July 2021). "Settler colonial studies and Latin America". Settler Colonial Studies (in Ínglish). 11 (3): 259–270. doi:10.1080/2201473X.2021.1999155. ISSN 2201-473X.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Adhikari, Mohamed (7 September 2017). "Europe's First Settler Colonial Incursion into Africa: The Genocide of Aboriginal Canary Islanders". African Historical Review. 49 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1080/17532523.2017.1336863. S2CID 165086773. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Adhikari, Mohamed (25 July 2022). Destroying to Replace: Settler Genocides of Indigenous Peoples. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. pp. 1–32. ISBN 978-1647920548.
  12. ↑ Veracini, Lorenzo (2013). "'Settler Colonialism': Career of a Concept". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 41 (2): 313–333. doi:10.1080/03086534.2013.768099. S2CID 159666130.
  13. ↑ Shoemaker, Nancy (1 October 2015). "A Typology of Colonialism | Perspectives on History". American Historical Association. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Kauanui, J. Kēhaulani (3 April 2021). "False dilemmas and settler colonial studies: response to Lorenzo Veracini: 'Settler Colonial Studies Even Di Useful?'". Postcolonial Studies (in Ínglish). 24 (2): 290–296. doi:10.1080/13688790.2020.1857023. ISSN 1368-8790. S2CID 233986432.
  15. ↑ Veracini, Lorenzo (June 2013). "'Settler Colonialism': Career of a Concept". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 41 (2): 313–333. doi:10.1080/03086534.2013.768099. S2CID 159666130.
  16. ↑ Short, Damien (2016). Redefining Genocide: Settler Colonialism, Social Death and Ecocide (in Ínglish). Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-84813-546-8.
  17. ↑ Mamdani, Mahmood (2020). Neither Settler nor Native: The Making and Unmaking of Permanent Minorities (in Ínglish). Harvard University Press. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-674-24997-4.
  18. ↑ Veracini, Lorenzo (2015). "Settlers no bu Migrants". The Settler Colonial Present (in Ínglish). Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 32–48. ISBN 978-1-137-37247-5.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Englert, Sai (2020). "Settlers, Workers, and the Logic of Accumulation by Dispossession". Antipode. 52 (6): 1647–1666. doi:10.1111/anti.12659. hdl:1887/3220822. S2CID 225643194.
  20. ↑ Larson, Carolyne R. (2020). The Conquest of the Desert: Argentina's Indigenous Peoples and the Battle for History. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 9780826362087.
  21. ↑ Barclay, Fiona; Chopin, Charlotte Ann; Evans, Martin (12 January 2017). "Introduction: settler colonialism and French Algeria". Settler Colonial Studies. 8 (2): 115–130. doi:10.1080/2201473X.2016.1273862. S2CID 151527670.
  22. ↑ Takumi, Roy (1994). "Challenging U.S. Militarism in Hawai'i and Okinawa". Race, Poverty & the Environment. 4/5 (4/1): 8–9. ISSN 1532-2874. JSTOR 41555279.
  23. ↑ Ertola, Emanuele (15 March 2016). "'Terra promessa': migration and settler colonialism in Libya, 1911–1970". Settler Colonial Studies. 7 (3): 340–353. doi:10.1080/2201473X.2016.1153251. S2CID 164009698. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  24. ↑ Veracini, Lorenzo (Winter 2018). "Italian Colonialism through a Settler Colonial Studies Lens". Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History. 19 (3). doi:10.1353/cch.2018.0023. S2CID 165512037. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  25. ↑ Raman, Anita D. (2004). "Of Rivers and Human Rights: The Northern Areas, Pakistan's forgotten colony in Jammu and Kashmir". International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. 11 (1/2): 187–228. doi:10.1163/157181104323383929. JSTOR 24675261.
  26. ↑ Mushtaq, Samreen; Mudasir, Amin (16 October 2021). "'We will memorise our home': exploring settler colonialism as an interpretive framework for Kashmir". Third World Quarterly. 42 (12): 3012–3029. doi:10.1080/01436597.2021.1984877. S2CID 244607271. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  27. ↑ Lu, Sidney Xu (June 2019). "Eastward Ho! Japanese Settler Colonialism for Hokkaido and the Making of Japanese Migration to the American West, 1869–1888". The Journal of Asian Studies. 78 (3): 521–547. doi:10.1017/S0021911819000147. S2CID 197847093. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  28. ↑ Uchida, Jun (3 March 2014). Brokers of Empire: Japanese Settler Colonialism for Korea, 1876–1945. Vol. 337. Harvard University Asia Center. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1x07x37. ISBN 978-0674492028. JSTOR j.ctt1x07x37. S2CID 259606289. {{cite book}}: Check |s2cid= value (help)
  29. ↑ Christian Bleuer (2012). "State-building, migration and economic development on the frontiers of northern Afghanistan and southern Tajikistan". Journal of Eurasian Studies. 3: 69–79. doi:10.1016/j.euras.2011.10.008.
  30. ↑ Christian Bleuer (17 October 2014). "From 'Slavers' to 'Warlords': Descriptions of Afghanistan's Uzbeks in Western Writing". Afghanistan Analysts Network.
  31. ↑ Mundt, Alex; Schmeidl, Susanne; Ziai, Shafiqullah (1 June 2009). "Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The Return of Internally Displaced Persons to Northern Afghanistan". Brookings Institution.
  32. ↑ "Paying for the Taliban's Crimes: Abuses Against Ethnic Pashtuns for Northern Afghanistan" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. April 2002.
  33. ↑ Lerp, Dörte (11 October 2013). "Farmers to the Frontier: Settler Colonialism for the Eastern Prussian Provinces and German Southwest Africa". Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 41 (4): 567–583. doi:10.1080/03086534.2013.836361. S2CID 159707103. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  34. ↑ Veracini, Lorenzo (25 March 2013). "'Settler Colonialism': Career of a Concept". Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 41 (2): 313–333. doi:10.1080/03086534.2013.768099. S2CID 159666130. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  35. ↑ Browning, Christopher R. (8 February 2022). "Yehuda Bauer, the Concepts of Holocaust and Genocide, and the Issue of Settler Colonialism". The Journal of Holocaust Research. 36 (1): 30–38. doi:10.1080/25785648.2021.2012985. S2CID 246652960. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  36. ↑ Rahman, Smita A.; Gordy, Katherine A.; Deylami, Shirin S. (2022). Globalizing Political Theory. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 9781000788884.
  37. ↑ Salemink, Oscar (2003). The Ethnography of Vietnam's Central Highlanders: A Historical Contextualization, 1850–1990. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 35–336. ISBN 978-0-8248-2579-9.
  38. ↑ Nguyen, Duy Lap (2019). The unimagined community: Imperialism and culture for South Vietnam. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-1-52614-398-3.
  39. ↑ Anne-Valérie Schweyer (2019). "The Chams in Vietnam: a great unknown civilization". French Academic Network of Asian Studies. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  40. ↑ Templet:Cite thesis
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Cavanagh, E (2013). Settler colonialism and land rights for South Africa: Possession and dispossession on the Orange River. United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 10–16. ISBN 978-1-137-30577-0.
  42. ↑ Mayne, Alan (1999). From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-275-96151-0.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne (2014). An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-0040-3.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Wolfe 2006
  45. ↑ Spady., James O'Neil (2020). Education and the Racial Dynamics of Settler Colonialism for Early America: Georgia and South Carolina, ca. 1700 - ca. 1820. Routledge. ISBN 978-0367437169.
  46. ↑ Wang, Ju-Han Zoe; Roche, Gerald (16 March 2021). "Urbanizing Minority Minzu for the PRC: Insights from the Literature on Settler Colonialism". Modern China (journal) (in Ínglish). 48 (3): 593–616. doi:10.1177/0097700421995135. ISSN 0097-7004. S2CID 233620981.
  47. ↑ Wolfe, Patrick (December 2006). "Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native". Journal of Genocide Research (in Ínglish). 8 (4): 387–409. doi:10.1080/14623520601056240. ISSN 1462-3528.
  48. ↑ Troen, S. Ilan (2007). "De-Judaizing the Homeland: Academic Politics in Rewriting the History of Palestine". Israel Affairs. 13 (4): 872–884. doi:10.1080/13537120701445372. S2CID 216148316.
  49. ↑ Rodinson, Maxime. "Israel, fait colonial?" Les Temps Moderne, 1967. Republished in English as Israel: A Colonial Settler-State?, New York, Monad Press, 1973.
  50. ↑ "Israel fit celebrate it anticolonial/anti-British struggle exactly because it done di able to establish a number of colonial relationships within and without the borders of 1948." Lorenzo Veracini, Borderlands, vol 6 No 2, 2007.
  51. ↑ Veracini, Lorenzo, "Israel and Settler Society", London: Pluto Press. 2006.
  52. ↑ Sunderland, Willard (2000). "The 'Colonization Question': Visions of Colonization in Late Imperial Russia". Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas. 48 (2): 210–232. JSTOR 41050526.
  53. ↑ Forsyth, James (1992). A history of the peoples of Siberia. Internet Archive. Cambridge University Press. pp. 201–228, 241–346. ISBN 978-0-521-40311-5.
  54. ↑ Lantzeff, George V.; Pierce, Richard A. (1973). Eastward to Empire: Exploration and Conquest on the Russian Open Frontier to 1750. McGill-Queen's University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1w0dbpp. JSTOR j.ctt1w0dbpp.
  55. ↑ Hill, Nathaniel (25 October 2021). "Conquering Siberia: The Case for Genocide Recognition". www.genocidewatchblog.com. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  56. ↑ Bartels, Dennis; Bartels, Alice L. (2006). "Indigenous Peoples of the Russian North and Cold War Ideology". Anthropologica. 48 (2): 265–279. doi:10.2307/25605315. JSTOR 25605315.
  57. ↑ Veracini, Lorenzo (2013). "'Settler Colonialism': Career of a Concept". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 41 (2): 313–333. doi:10.1080/03086534.2013.768099. S2CID 159666130. The domination of Latin America, North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the Asian part of the Soviet Union by European powers all involve the migration of permanent settlers from the European country to the colonies. Them colonize these places.
  58. ↑ Pohl, Otto (2015). "The Deportation of the Crimean Tatars in the Context of Settler Colonialism". International Crimes and History (16). Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  59. ↑ Templet:Cite thesis
  60. ↑ Statistics compiled by Ørsted-Jensen for Frontier History Revisited (Brisbane 2011), page 15.
  61. ↑ Page, A. (2015, September). The Australian Settler State, Indigenous Agency, and the Indigenous Sector in the Twenty First Century. Australian Political Studies Association Conference.
  62. ↑ Page, A., & Petray, T. (2015). Agency and Structural Constraints: Indigenous Peoples and the Settler-State in North Queensland. Settler Colonial Studies, 5 (2).

Further reading

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Templet:Colonialism Templet:Colonization Templet:White people

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